Landscape of Genetic Mutations in Appendiceal Cancers

In appendiceal cancers, the most frequently mutated genes are (i) KRAS, which, when reactivated, restores signal transduction via RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK signaling pathway and stimulates cell proliferation in early stages of tumor transformation, then angiogenesis; (ii) TP53, whose inactivation leads to inhibition programmed death; (iii) GNAS, links cAMP pathway, stimulating (iv) SMAD4, exhibiting typical tumor-suppressive activity, blocking transmission oncogenic TGFB signals SMAD2/SMAD3 heterodimer; (v) BRAF, which is part pathway. Diverse mutations reported other genes, secondary or less critical pathways for progression, but amplify phenotypic diversity cancers. this review, we will present main genetic involved appendix tumors their roles survival, invasiveness, angiogenesis, acquired resistance anti-growth signals.